Editor: Marcy Lantz, CPA
The Internal Revenue Code contains several provisions that encourage investment in small businesses. These include certain advantages for investing in qualified small business stock (QSBS), as discussed below. But first, what is QSBS?
To qualify as QSBS, the stock must be:
- Issued by a domestic C corporation with no more than $50 million of gross assets at the time of issuance;
- Issued by a corporation that uses at least 80% of its assets (by value) in an active trade or business, other than in certain personal services and other types of businesses (described in Sec. 1202(e)(3));
- Issued after Aug. 10, 1993;
- Held by a noncorporate taxpayer (meaning any taxpayer other than a corporation);
- Acquired by the taxpayer on original issuance (there are exceptions to this rule); and
- Held for more than six months to be eligible for a tax-free rollover under Sec. 1045 and more than five years to qualify for gain exclusion.
3 Code sections that come into play
Sec. 1202. Partial exclusion for gains from certain small business stock: The Code provides favorable treatment for gains from investing in small business stock under Sec. 1202. For stock acquired after Sept. 27, 2010, individual investors may exclude 100% of the gain they realize on the disposition of QSBS if it is held for more than five years. However, for stock acquired after Feb. 17, 2009, and on or before Sept. 27, 2010, the exclusion from gain is 75%, and for stock acquired after Aug. 10, 1993, and on or before Feb. 17, 2009, the exclusion from gain is 50%.
The amount considered under this exclusion is limited to the greater of $10 million or 10 times the taxpayer's basis in the stock. The amount of gain eligible for the full or partial exclusion is subject to these limits computed on a per-issuer basis. Special rules can also apply for businesses located within an empowerment zone. Note, however, that a 28% rate applies to gains that remain subject to tax after the 50% or 75% exclusions.
Sec. 1244. Losses on small business stock: The sale of stock at a loss usually generates a capital loss, which can be deducted in any year only to the extent of capital gains, plus $3,000 ($1,500 for married taxpayers who file separate returns). Fortunately, Congress recognized that investors in small corporations often run more of a risk of loss. As a result, the Code permits an individual to deduct, as an ordinary loss, a loss from the sale or exchange, or from worthlessness, of small business stock (more commonly called Sec. 1244 stock) issued by a qualifying small business corporation. Unlike a capital loss, an ordinary loss may fully offset wage income, dividends, or similar ordinary income.
To qualify as Sec. 1244 stock, the stock must be issued by a domestic corporation that is a small business corporation at the beginning of the tax year in which the stock is issued. A corporation is a small business corporation if the total amount of cash and other property received by the corporation for stock, as a contribution to capital and as paid-in surplus, does not exceed $1 million. If this $1 million threshold is exceeded, only a portion of the corporation's stock can qualify as Sec. 1244 stock. The $1 million threshold often limits the application of this provision to very early-stage investors.
To prove that it is an active business rather than a quasi-holding company, the small business corporation must derive more than 50% of its aggregate receipts from noninvestment income. Investment income includes only gross receipts derived from royalties, rents, dividends, interest, annuities, and sales or exchanges of stock or securities.
There are limits, however, to the tax advantages of using Sec. 1244 stock. The maximum amount deductible as an ordinary loss in any one year is $50,000 ($100,000 on a joint return). Losses that exceed this limit are capital losses.
Sec. 1045. Rollover of gain from QSBS: If a taxpayer other than a corporation sells QSBS it has held for more than six months and elects to apply Sec. 1045, gain from that sale is recognized only to the extent that the amount realized exceeds (1) the cost of any QSBS purchased by the taxpayer during the 60-day period beginning on the date of the sale, reduced by (2) any portion of that cost previously taken into account under Sec. 1045.
Other law provisions
The law known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, P.L. 115-97, enacted in 2017, provides an opportunity to defer taxation of gains by making qualified investments in certain qualified properties or investments in a qualified opportunity zone. Although the designation is not necessarily targeted toward early-stage companies, it is not unusual for such businesses to be located in technology centers or incubators that have such designations.
State incentives
Many states have investor-based or "angel" investor-based credits. Some states with investor-based credits are shown in the table, "Investor-Based Credits, by State." (below).
Additional information and guidelines may be found on the various state government websites. In the author's experience, investor-based state credits are often overlooked.
EditorNotes
Marcy Lantz, CPA, CSEP, is a partner with Aldrich Group in Lake Oswego, Ore. Ms. Lantz would like to thank the following practitioners for their help editing the December Tax Clinic: Michael T. Odom, CPA, CVA, partner at Fouts & Morgan CPAs PC in Memphis, Tenn.; Carolyn Quill, CPA, J.D., LL.M., principal at Thompson Greenspon CPAs & Advisors in Fairfax, Va.; Kristine Boerboom, CPA, CMA, MBA, partner at Wegner CPAs in Madison, Wis.; and Todd Miller, CPA, partner at Maxwell Locke & Ritter in Austin, Texas.
For additional information about these items, contact Ms. Lantz at 503-620-4489 or mlantz@aldrichadvisors.com.
Contributors are members of or associated with CPAmerica, Inc.
